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Advances in Cardiovascular Imaging

Multimodality Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Part I

Albert J. Sinusas, MD; Frank Bengel, MD; Matthias Nahrendorf, MD, PhD; Frederick H. Epstein, PhD; Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD; Flordeliza S. Villanueva, MD; Zahi A. Fayad, PhD and Robert J. Gropler, MD

From the Yale University School of Medicine (A.J.S.), New Haven, Conn; Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions (F.B.), Baltimore, Md; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Molecular Imaging Research (M.N.), Boston, Mass; University of Virginia Health Sciences Center (F.H.E.), Charlottesville, Va; Stanford University School of Medicine (J.C.W.), Stanford, Calif; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (F.S.V.), Pittsburgh, Pa; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (Z.A.F.), New York, NY; and Washington University School of Medicine (R.J.G.), St. Louis, Mo.

Correspondence to Albert J. Sinusas, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, Nuclear Cardiology, 3FMP, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT 06520-8017. E-mail albert.sinusas@yale.edu

Key Words: cardiovascular diseases • diagnosis • imaging • radionuclide imaging • image three-dimensional • molecular probes

An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract.

	Introduction

 
There has been a shift in emphasis from treatment of disease to the primary or secondary prevention of disease, primarily to advance human health through preservation of quality of life and improvement in survival, but also in part to control the escalating costs of health care. The prevention of disease necessitates early detection and risk stratification before the manifestation of disease, which may be facilitated by genotyping, assessment of circulating biomarkers, or noninvasive imaging. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the combination of an individual’s genotype, level of gene expression, and clinical information can be used for individualized disease prevention, risk stratification, and therapy, thus leading to more successful and efficient health care. Taken together, the new directions in health care present new challenges to both the basic research and clinical practice communities and involve technological adaptations and integration into novel diagnostic paradigms. Traditionally, the detection, evaluation, and prognostication of cardiovascular disease or therapeutic interventions were assessed by studying physiological consequences expressed in changes in flow, metabolism, and function or on the detection of late anatomic changes. The development of biologically targeted markers to genetic and cellular processes of disease and disease amelioration has become possible with advances in genomics and proteomics. The application of imaging using these biologically targeted markers (eg, molecular imaging) in preclinical models and the translation of these approaches to patients has become possible with advent of a number of technological advances. The application of molecular imaging may provide additional unique molecular and pathophysiological insight . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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